多氯联苯对孔雀鱼卵黄蛋白原的诱导及检测

为探讨利用孔雀鱼(Poecilia reticulata)卵黄蛋白原(Vitellogenin,Vtg)作为生物标志物检测环境雌激素的可行性,采用浸浴法分别使用17β-雌二醇(E2)和多氯联苯(PCBs)对雄性孔雀鱼成鱼进行染毒,30d后测定其性腺系数(GSI)和肝指数(LSI),并将鱼体整体匀浆进行常规聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Native-PAGE)及磷、脂和糖蛋白特异染色分析.结果表明,PCBs对雄性孔雀鱼具有雌激素效应,和E2均可以诱导雄性孔雀鱼体内产生Vtg,但诱导组雄鱼GSI及LSI与对照组比较均无显著性差异(p>0.05).Native-PAGE及磷、脂、糖蛋白特异性分析表明,孔雀鱼Vtg是一种富含磷、脂、糖的蛋白,具有VtgⅠ、VtgⅡ和VtgⅢ等3种形式,其分子量分别为642kDa、541kDa和441kDa.雄性孔雀鱼Vtg可作为环境雌激素监测的有效生物标记物.     

几种可能来源对广东某地空气中二(口恶)英的影响

采用高分辨气相色谱法/高分辨质谱法（HRGC/HRMS）对广东某地生活垃圾焚烧厂烟道气及周边环境空气和可能来源的环境空气中17种二英进行了分析.讨论了所有样品中同系物、主要毒性贡献体的特性.并运用主成分和聚类分析法,探究了焚烧厂周边监测点位与焚烧厂排放烟气及可能来源的关系.结果表明周边空气中二英浓度低于焚烧厂烟道气,且不受主导风向的影响.在调查基础上,推断轮胎厂及露天焚烧为可能污染源.轮胎厂二英浓度均低于上风向监测点,露天焚烧空气中二英高于厂界外监测点.对各同类物百分比分析可知,烟道气和所有空气中主要同类物为OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD及1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF,但空气中同类物还包括OCDF;焚烧厂周边监测点与轮胎厂空气中二英单体百分浓度相似,烟气与露天焚烧中二英单体分布相似.进一步研究表明所有空气样品中单体1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD和2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF与总毒性当量浓度的线性相关系数分别为0.95和0.75,相关性较强.主成分分析及聚类分析表明垃圾焚烧厂对周边空气产生影响,轮胎厂对上风向产生影响,露天焚烧对厂界影响较小.     

Detailed study on the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in Yusho rice oil

One bottle of Yusho rice oil was obtained from a Yusho family in 1998. The levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the causal oil were investigated with two different approaches and the individual concentrations of all the 17 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F and 14 coplanar PCB (Co-PCB) congeners were elucidated for the first time. The concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs were found to be 0.60 and 8.8 ppm, respectively. For PCBs, more than 130 PCB peaks were observed and a total concentration of 850 ppm including 170 ppm of Co-PCBs was obtained. The toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCDDs, PCDFs, and Co-PCBs were calculated to be 17, 470, and 120 ppb, respectively. The relative contribution of these classes to the total TEQ in Yusho oil is 3%, 77%, and 20%, respectively, indicating that PCDFs play a major role in the toxicity of Yusho oil. Furthermore, it was confirmed that 2,3,4,7,8-penta-CDF contributes 58% to the total TEQ, supporting the view that this compound is the principal causal agent in Yusho poisoning. It is noteworthy that the most toxic 2,3,7,8-tetra-CDD was newly discovered, although it contributes only 0.1% to the total TEQ. Based on our data, the smallest TEQ intake during the latent period was estimated to be 0.067 mg for Yusho patients. This value is about 60% of that previously reported, suggesting a lower minimum threshold level for the development of the toxic symptoms of Yusho.     

Recent survey and effects of cooking processes on levels of PCDDs,PCDFs and Co-PCBs in leafy vegetables in Japan

We report here the latest levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (Co-PCBs) in leafy vegetables in Japan as well as the effect of cooking processes on the reduction of these contaminants. Three kinds of leafy vegetables (“komatsuna”, lettuce and spinach) from seven districts in Japan in 1998 were analyzed for the 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDD/Fs and three non-ortho-PCBs (#77, 126 and 169). The mean total TEQ levels (using the WHO-TEFs) in the komatsuna, lettuce and spinach were 0.094, 0.025 and 0.196 pg/g fresh weight, respectively. The TEQ levels are dominated by 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 3,3^′,4,4^′,5-PeCB in many of the samples. For one of these isomers, the 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF TEQ levels showed good correlation with the total TEQ levels in the samples (r=0.957). This suggests that 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF may be an indicator for dioxin contamination in the analysis of the leafy vegetables. Also, the effects of two cooking processes (washing and washing followed by boiling) on the dioxin levels in two types of spinach samples were investigated. On average, in both samples, the total concentrations of the PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCB were reduced to about 38%, 73% and 88% of the initial concentrations by washing, and to 21%, 35% and 61% of the initial concentrations by washing followed by boiling. The total TEQ levels were reduced to about 30% of the initial TEQ levels by washing followed by boiling. Significant reductions in the TEQ levels were observed in the cooked samples. Thus, the cooking processes may reduce the risk of dioxin intake from the leafy vegetables.     

Levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in residues from incineration of established source-classified MSW in China

Municipal solid waste (MSW) source-classified collection represents an advancement in resource cycling and secondary pollution control in China. Comparative experiments were performed to assess the levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in bottom ash, fly ash from boiler, and fly ash from bag filter from an MSW incineration plant with source-classified collection of MSW. Polychlorinated biphenyls were concentrated in the bag filter fly ash and in the bottom ash. The total amount of polychlorinated biphenyls was much lower than in fly ashes and bottom ash from traditional mixed waste incineration. Total concentration of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls and toxic equivalent quantities were also reduced. Due to variations of feed waste, complete combustion, including continuously high incineration temperature, low CO concentrations and high air excess ratio were observed. Incineration temperature showed a negative correlation, while CO concentration showed a positive correlation with total and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, indicating that the latter can be reduced by controlling combustion conditions related to properties of feed waste.     

电子废物拆解区农业土壤中PCNs的污染水平、分布特征与来源解析

用GC-NCI-MS法测定了路桥农业表层土壤中46种多氯萘(PCNs)的含量.目的是了解该地区表层土壤中PCNs的污染水平、空间分布特征和来源.结果表明,所有表层土壤样品中ΣPCNs的含量为0.062～2.92 ng.g-1,平均值为0.630 ng.g-1.多数样品中tetra-CNs和penta-CNs是最主要的同族体,分别占18.4%～88.8%(平均值为46.7%)和8.40%～53.1%(平均值为30.7%),其次是tri-CNs,范围为0～47.3%,平均值为10.6%.聚类分析和燃烧指示物分析表明,采样点主要受Halowax1014和Halowax 1013工业品污染,PCBs工业品和电子废物燃烧也可能对污染有贡献.与国内外其它研究相比,研究区域内土壤中PCNs污染处于中等水平.     

现代黄河三角洲土壤中多氯联苯来源解析研究

对现代黄河三角洲22个表层土壤样品中类二英类多氯联苯（PCBs）进行双毛细管柱GC-ECD结合MS测试,并对所得数据进行主成分分析,在同系物水平上解析了现代黄河三角洲土壤中PCBs污染的类型、来源、贡献率和同系物组成.结果表明,现代黄河三角洲土壤中PCBs污染存在4类污染源：第1类污染是由地表径流带来的非点源污染,来自黄河沿岸企业的工业生产和使用,其贡献率为49.6％,同系物组成与国产PCBs相似,且与Aroclor1221相对应;第2和第3类同属点源污染,来自沿海地区的油田开采活动,贡献率分别为15.0％和10.1％,第2类同系物组成与Aroclor1221和Aroclor1242叠加的结果类似,第3类与Aroclor1260相似;第4类污染是由大气污染导致的非点源污染,来自大气的干、湿沉降,其贡献率为8.4％,同系物组成与Aroclor1242、Aroclor1248和Aroclor1260叠加的结果类似.     

Occurrence and congeners specific of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China

A total of 198 agricultural soil samples were collected from Zhangjiagang and Changshu in Southern Jiangsu for analysis of 13 polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in order to assess the levels of pollution, sources, area distribution, and potential risk for the environment. All methods were rigorously tested and an adequate quality control was ensured. Only one site had no PCBs residues, and the highest total PCBs concentration in the surface soils was 32.83 ng/g. The average concentration in all the soil samples was 4.13 ng/g, signaling low-level pollution. Tetra-, penta-, and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls were dominant species in soil samples, accounting for more than 75% of ∑PCBs in the soil samples. PCB118 was the most abundant congener in all the samples. The PCB118 was about 20% of ∑PCBs. The soil organic matter content showed only a weak correlation with the levels of all PCB congeners, in which a better correlation was noted for the more volatile lighter PCB congeners than for the heavier homologues. To a certain extent, the sources and land use seemed to influence the levels of PCBs.     

土壤中多氯联苯分析方法研究进展

文中综述了多氯联苯的分析技术及其研究进展。介绍了样品前处理技术如索氏萃取法、超声萃取法、微波辅助萃取、超临界流体萃取、加速溶剂萃取等在土壤样品中多氯联苯分析中的应用;阐述了气相色谱、液相色谱、气质联用技术在土壤样品中多氯联苯的检测,并对土壤中未来多氯联苯检测技术的发展提出了展望。     

A national survey of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Chinese mothers' milk

Seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154 and BDE-183) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (CB-28, CB-52, CB-101, CB-138, CB-153 and CB-180) were measured in 24 pooled human milk samples comprised of 1237 individual samples from 12 provinces in China. The samples were taken to estimate the background body burden of general population and assess nursing infant exposure via human milk in China. The median concentrations of ∑₇PBDEs and ∑₆PCBs were 1.49 and 10.50 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw), respectively. BDE-28, BDE-47 and BDE-153 were predominant PBDE congeners accounting for nearly 70% of ∑₇PBDEs. As for indicator PCBs, CB-153 was the most abundant congener, followed by CB-138. In our study, there was no significantly statistical relationship between concentrations of PBDEs in milk samples and maternal age as well as dietary habits. ∑₇PBDEs did not correlate to ∑₆PCBs in Chinese mothers’ milk. The human exposure to indicator PCBs in China was found to be significantly determined by maternal age, dietary habits and geographical factors. It is suggested that Chinese general population is probably exposed to PBDEs with multiple sources and pathways. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-153 for the Chinese nursing infant were much lower than corresponding threshold reference values suggested by USEPA.